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A ritual is a formalized, repetitive, and symbolic pattern of behavior that is performed according to culturally prescribed rules and beliefs. It is an essential feature of every society and serves religious, social, political, and psychological functions. In Social Anthropology, rituals are not merely religious ceremonies but structured social actions through which individuals and groups express values, reinforce social norms, maintain solidarity, and negotiate change. Anthropologists such as Émile Durkheim, Bronisław Malinowski, A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, Arnold van Gennep, Victor Turner, and Max Gluckman have extensively studied rituals to understand their significance in social life. Durkheim viewed rituals as collective practices that strengthen social cohesion and reaffirm the collective conscience. Malinowski emphasized the psychological role of rituals, arguing that they reduce anxiety and provide confidence in situations of uncertainty, such as fishing in dangerous waters. Radcliffe-Brown considered rituals as mechanisms that preserve social structure and reinforce relationships among members of society. Arnold van Gennep introduced the concept of "rites of passage," dividing them into three stages: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Victor Turner further developed the concept of liminality, making it central to anthropological studies of ritual. Rituals of liminality refer to the intermediate or transitional phase of rites of passage in which participants ______ _______ __________ ___ _______ ______ ________ _______.
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