What do you understand by the term ‘subaltern’? Discuss the two phases the Subaltern Studies in India.

The term 'subaltern' is a concept that has its roots in postcolonial studies and historiography, particularly in the context of India. It was popularized and elaborated upon by the Subaltern Studies group in India. The subaltern, in a historical and socio-political context, refers to individuals or groups who are marginalized, oppressed, and excluded from mainstream society. These are people whose voices, experiences, and perspectives have traditionally been ignored, silenced, or misrepresented in historical narratives. The concept of the subaltern challenges traditional historiography, which often focuses on the dominant, elite, or ruling classes, and highlights the importance of understanding the history and experiences of those at the margins of society.

The idea of the subaltern emerged as a critical response to the limitations of conventional historical narratives. Historiography, up until the mid-20th century, primarily focused on the deeds and perspectives of the ruling classes, political leaders, and elites, neglecting the experiences and perspectives of the masses. Subaltern studies sought to rectify this by bringing the narratives of marginalized groups to the forefront. The term 'subaltern' can be understood in _______ ________ ____ ________ ________ ___ ________ _________ ___ ___ __________ _______.
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