What do you understand by the term Self-determination? Discuss the provisions contained in the U.N. Charter regarding the right of self-determination.

Self-determination denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order.  Self-determination is a core principle of international law, arising from customary international law, but also recognized as a general principle of law, and enshrined in a number of international treaties.  For instance, self-determination is protected in the United Nations Charter and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as a right of “all peoples.” 

The scope and purpose of the principle of self-determination has evolved significantly in the 20th century.  In the early 1900’s, international support grew for the right of all people to self-determination.  This led to successful secessionist movements during and after WWI, WWII and laid the groundwork for decolonization in the 1960s. 

Contemporary notions of self-determination usually distinguish between “internal” and “external” self-determination, suggesting that "self-determination" exists on a spectrum.  Internal self-determination may refer to various political and social rights; by contrast, external self-determination refers to full legal independence/secession for the given 'people' from the larger politico-legal state.

 Paragraph 1 of this Article provides that every person has the right to self-determination. By virtue of the said right, people can freely determine their own political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

Criteria for the right to self-determination

It can be said that an individual has realized his right to self-determination when he either:

(1) establishes a sovereign and independent state; 

(2) freely associates with another state; or

(3) have freely integrated with another state after expressing their will to do so. 

The definition of realization of self-determination was confirmed in the Declaration of Friendly Relations.

Instruments protecting the right to self-determination

The right to self-determination of the people is also recognized under other international and regional instruments. The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1970, the Helsinki Final Act adopted by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in the year 1975, the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights of 1981, the CSCE Charter of Paris for a New Europe adopted in the year 1990, and the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action of 1993 also includes the concept of the right to self-determination. Furthermore, the scope and content of the right to self-determination have been elaborately explained by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.

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