What do you understand by the term reluctance? Obtain an expression for reluctance in a magnetic circuit made of an iron ring magnetised by a current flowing through a coil wound closely over it.
Reluctance is a fundamental concept in electromagnetic theory that quantifies the opposition offered by a magnetic circuit to the flow of magnetic flux, analogous to resistance in an electric circuit. It is represented by the symbol \( \mathcal{R} \) and is measured in ampere-turns per weber (A-turns/Wb) or inverse henries (H\(^{-1}\)). The reluctance of a magnetic circuit depends on the material properties ______ ____ _________ ___ _________ __________ __________ __________.
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Define displacement vector 
and deduce Gauss’s law in a dielectric medium.
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What do you understand by the term reluctance? Obtain an expression for reluctance in a magnetic circuit made of an iron ring magnetised by a current flowing through a coil wound closely over it.
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An infinite long wire carries a current 1 A. The wire is bent so as to have a semicircular shape around the origin with radius 1 cm as shown in the Figure below. Calculate the magnetic field at the origin O and determine the direction of the field with respect to the plane of the paper.
