What do you understand by PESA? Discuss the mandatory powers of Gram Sabha in PESA Act, 1996?

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, commonly known as PESA, is a landmark legislation in India that aims to empower local self-governance institutions in the scheduled areas, predominantly inhabited by tribal communities. The primary objective of PESA is to provide autonomy to these local bodies, specifically Gram Sabhas, in managing their own affairs and resources, ensuring socio-economic development while preserving their cultural identity.

PESA recognizes the unique socio-cultural and economic characteristics of tribal areas and seeks to address historical injustices by devolving powers to the grassroots level. The Gram Sabha, under PESA, plays a pivotal role in local self-governance. The mandatory ______ _________ ________ ___ __________ __________ _______ ______ _______ ______.
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