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Parallel bodies in the sphere of governance refer to those institutional structures or agencies that function alongside or outside the established local self-governing institutions such as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). These parallel agencies often perform functions similar to or overlapping with elected local governments but are not accountable to the local people in the same direct democratic manner. They may be created by central or state governments to execute specific schemes, deliver welfare services, or manage developmental functions. While they may contribute to certain short-term objectives, their existence and proliferation raise concerns about duplication of work, dilution of accountability, and weakening of constitutionally mandated local self-governance. The idea of decentralization and local self-governance rests on the principle that elected bodies closest to the people should have the authority to design, implement, and monitor development policies and programs. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments gave constitutional status to PRIs and ULBs with the aim of empowering them to take decisions related to planning and development. However, despite this constitutional backing, in practice, local self-governing institutions often find themselves overshadowed by a wide range of parallel bodies. These include state development authorities, water and sanitation boards, urban development authorities, district rural development agencies (DRDAs), and special purpose vehicles (SPVs) formed for implementing flagship programs like Smart Cities Mission. The growth of such parallel bodies can be understood in the context of historical, political, administrative, and developmental factors. Historically, India followed a highly centralized planning and implementation model, where the Union and state governments designed programs and retained __________ ___ __________ _________ ________ _______ ________ _____ _________.
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