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Construction and demolition (C&D) waste refers to the waste materials generated during the construction, renovation, repair, remodeling, and demolition of buildings, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure projects. It constitutes a significant portion of total solid waste generated worldwide due to rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and population growth. C&D waste includes a wide variety of materials arising from both new construction activities and the dismantling or demolition of existing structures, and its management has become an important concern within the broader solid waste and regulatory framework. C&D waste is heterogeneous in nature and typically comprises materials such as concrete, bricks, tiles, ceramics, asphalt, plaster, wood, metals, glass, plastics, soil, sand, stones, and excavated earth. In addition to these inert materials, it may also contain hazardous components depending on the age and nature of the structure being demolished. Older buildings may contain asbestos, lead-based paints, mercury-containing devices, or treated wood, which pose serious environmental and health risks if not handled _____ ________ _____ _____ _______ _______ ________ __________ ________ _________ _____.
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