What do you understand by caste and class? Differentiate between caste and class in India by highlighting the inherent functionality.

Caste and class are two critical concepts in understanding the social structure of India. Both signify forms of social stratification but differ significantly in their nature, origins, and societal implications.

### Understanding Caste
Caste is a hereditary social group that defines the social identity, occupation, and status of individuals within the Indian societal framework. Rooted in Hindu philosophy, the caste system is traditionally structured into four varnas: Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and traders), and Shudras (laborers and service providers), with a significant outcast group often referred to as Dalits or Scheduled Castes. 

This system, characterized by endogamy (marriage within the group), hereditary membership, and ritual purity, was institutionalized through religious scriptures and later perpetuated by societal norms. Over time, this system became rigid, with caste determining occupation, social interactions, and access to resources.

### Understanding Class
Class, in contrast, is an economic and social category that groups people based on their wealth, income, education, and access to opportunities. Class is dynamic, fluid, and not bound by birth. It allows for mobility—both upward and downward—based on individual or collective achievements and circumstances.

Karl Marx viewed class as primarily an economic phenomenon, dividing society into two _______ _____ _____ ______ ____ ______ _________ ____.
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