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Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or undesirable changes in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the environment that adversely affect living organisms and the natural balance of ecosystems. It occurs when contaminants such as gases, chemicals, solid wastes, noise, heat, or radiation are released into air, water, or land in quantities that exceed the environment’s capacity to absorb, dilute, or neutralize them. Pollution may be natural, such as volcanic eruptions or forest fires, but in the context of urbanization and urban development, it is largely anthropogenic, arising from rapid industrialization, population growth, transportation systems, construction activities, and unplanned urban expansion. In urban areas, air pollution is one of the most critical challenges. Emissions from vehicles, factories, thermal power plants, and construction dust increase the concentration of pollutants like particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone. These pollutants degrade air quality, reduce visibility, contribute to climate change, and cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among urban residents. Water pollution in cities occurs due to the discharge of untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and ____ ______ _______ ______ _____ _______ _________ ______ _________ __________ ___ _____.
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