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Municipal revenue forms the financial backbone of urban local bodies, enabling them to provide essential services such as water supply, sanitation, waste management, urban transport, roads, street lighting, health, education, and other civic amenities. The dynamics of urban planning and development rely heavily on the ability of municipalities to generate, manage, and expand their revenue sources. As cities continue to expand due to rapid urbanization, the demand for infrastructure and services increases, thereby making the mobilization of adequate municipal finance a critical factor in ensuring sustainable and inclusive urban development. Municipal revenue is derived from a wide range of sources, both tax-based and non-tax-based, along with external support from higher tiers of government and financial institutions. However, in many developing countries, municipalities face chronic resource constraints, weak fiscal autonomy, and inefficiencies in revenue collection, which necessitates the strengthening of existing mechanisms and exploration of innovative approaches to enhance municipal revenue. One of the most important sources of municipal revenue is property tax. It is levied on the ownership of immovable property such as land, residential houses, and commercial establishments. Property tax is considered the most stable and predictable source of income for local governments. The valuation of properties, however, often remains outdated or undervalued, leading to inefficiencies in revenue collection. Municipalities also rely on profession tax, __________ ___ __________ ________ _____ _______ ______ _____.
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