What are the three circumstances that legitimize warfare in Islam? Discuss.

In Islam, the concept of warfare is tightly regulated and is guided by both ethical and legal principles. Islamic law, or Sharia, outlines specific circumstances under which warfare is considered legitimate. These conditions are deeply rooted in the teachings of the Quran and Hadith (the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad), aiming to ensure that violence is only undertaken for justice and peace. The three primary circumstances that legitimize warfare in Islam are self-defense, protection of religious freedom, and the protection of innocent lives.

1. Self-defense (Jihad al-Daf‘)
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