Word Count : 1388

---

The estimation of poverty in India has been a central concern of economic planning and policymaking since independence. Over the decades, various methodologies and approaches have been employed to assess the extent and nature of poverty in the country. These methodologies have evolved over time in response to changing socio-economic conditions, academic debates, and administrative needs. The estimation of poverty not only involves determining the number of people living below a defined poverty line but also understanding the depth, severity, and multidimensional aspects of poverty. The major factors considered in these approaches can be broadly categorized under consumption expenditure, calorie intake, price indices, and more recently, multidimensional indicators. 1. Consumption Expenditure as the Primary Indicator Historically, consumption expenditure has been the cornerstone of poverty estimation in India. The rationale is that consumption is a better indicator of welfare than income, especially in a country where the informal sector predominates, and reliable income data is difficult to obtain. The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), now part of the National Statistical Office (NSO), has been conducting household consumer expenditure surveys at regular intervals since the 1950s. These surveys provide data on household consumption, which is then used to estimate the proportion of the population living below the poverty line. In the early approaches, a poverty line was drawn based on the minimum consumption expenditure required to meet a certain calorie intake – 2,400 ____ _________ ___ ____ ____ ____.
___ ________ ______ _________ ________ ________ ____ __________ _________.
______ ___ _________ ___ ______ _______ ____ _________ ________ _________.
_______ _____ ______ ______ ______ _______ ________ _____ _______ ___.
___ ___ _______ ____ ___ ________ ____.
__________ _______ ___ _________ ____ _____ _______ _____ ___ _______ ___ ______.
__________ ________ ____ _________ _________ ______ _____ _______ ________ ____.
_________ ______ ______ ____ ___.
________ ____ _____ __________ ______ _________ ______ _____ ___ ____ ______ _________.
________ __________ _________ _________ _______ _________ ______ ____ __________ ________ _____.
_____ __________ _____ _______ __________ ___ _______ _______ _____ __________ ___.
_____ _______ ____ __________ _______.
______ _______ ____ ____ ________ _________ ____.
____ ____ _______ ___ _____ ___ _________ __________ ___ _________.
______ ________ _________ __________ _____ ________ _______ ____ ____ _______ _____.
__________ _______ ______ _______ __________.
____ _____ _________ ______ _________ _______ ______ ____.
________ _______ ______ ____ _______ _____ ____ __________ ________ _______ _______ _____.
_________ _________ ___ _______ _____ ______ ______.
____ ___ _____ _____ ______ ____ ___ ______ __________ __________ __________ __________.
_______ __________ ________ __________ ______ ______.
_________ __________ ___ _____ ______ ___ ____ _________ ________.
______ _______ _____ ________ ______.
______ ______ _____ _________ ____ _________ _________ ___ ____.
_________ ___ _______ ___ ___ ___ _______ _____ ___ __________ __________.
___ _________ ___ _______ __________.
____ _____ ___ ______ ______ ___ _________.
__________ ___ _______ _____ _______ _________ __________.
_______ __________ ___ __________ ________ ______ _____ _______ _______ ________.
_________ ___ _____ ____ ________ __________.
_________ _______ ____ _______ ________ ____ ________ _______ _____ __________.
___ ________ __________ _________ ___ _____ ___ ___.
__________ __________ ______ ________ _________ ____ _______ ___ ________ ____ ________.
_______ ______ ______ ____ _______ _________ ____.
_____ _____ _______ _____ _________ ____ ______ ________ ________ ____ _________ __________.
___ _________ ____ ________ _________ ___ __________ _________.
________ ______ ____ ________ _______ _____ _____ _____.
______ _________ ________ ___ ___ _______ _______ __________.
_______ ________ ____ ____ __________ ________ _______ _______ ________ _________ __________.
_______ _______ ______ ____ _______ __________.
________ ________ ___ _________ __________ _________ __________ _____.
_______ ______ _____ _______ _______ _________.
_____ ___ ________ __________ __________ __________ ______.
____ ___ ____ ______ _________.
___ ___ ___ ________ _______ ___ ________ _____ _______ ______ ___.
_____ ____ _______ _____ _____ __________.
________ _________ ________ ___ ___ _______ ______ _________.
______ ________ __________ _____ _____ ______ ___ _____ _____.
__________ _______ ______ ____ ___.
____ ____ _______ _________ __________ ___.
__________ _________ ________ ______ ____ _______.
___ ______ ______ ______ _____ ____ __________ ____ ________ ________.
_____ __________ ____ __________ ____ _______ ______ ___ _____ _________ ____ ________.
_______ ______ _________ _______ ________ _______ ____ ______ _____ _____.
____ ______ _______ ____ ____.
_________ ____ _____ _______ __________.
________ ___ _____ _________ _____ _________ ______.
___ __________ __________ ____ _________ _______ _______ __________.
____ ________ ___ ________ _______ _________ ___ _______ _____ _________ ______ _________.
__________ ________ __________ ____ _____ _________.
____ _______ _______ _______ ____ _______ ___ ________.
______ ____ __________ ____ ________ ____ ____ ____ __________ _________.
_______ ________ ___ _________ _______.
_________ ______ _____ _________ ___ __________ _______ _____ __________ ________ __________.
___ __________ ____ _____ ___ ________ ________ ____ _______ _____.
________ ______ _____ __________ _____ ______ ________ ____ __________ ______.
_____ __________ ___ ___ _______ ____ __________.
_____ __________ ______ ___ _____ _______ ______ _____ ______ ________ __________ __________.
__________ _______ _______ _________ ____ _____.
__________ ______ _____ _______ _____ _______ ___ __________ _____.
___ ___ _____ ________ _______ _______ _____ ___.
____ ____ ________ __________ ________ ________ _____ _________.
__________ _____ __________ _______ ______.
________ _______ _________ ____ ____ ____ _______ ___ __________ _________.
_______ _________ _______ ____ ____ ______ ___ _________ ________ _____.
__________ ___ _______ _______ ______.
___ _________ __________ ________ _________ _______ ______ ____.
______ _________ ____ _____ _____ __________ ________ __________ _____ ______ _________ ________.
___ _________ ______ __________ _____ ______ ________ ________ _________ ________ ___.
________ _____ _________ ______ _________ _____ _____ ___ __________ ____ _______ _____.
_____ _______ ___ ________ ____.
__________ ____ ________ _____ ____ ________ ______ ____ _________ ___.
_____ _____ ____ _____ ________ _____ ______ ____.
______ __________ ________ ________ ___ ________.
_________ ______ ______ ____ _______ _____ _________.
___ ______ ___ ________ _______ ________ ____ ________.
____ _______ ______ ___ ____ ___ _____ ____ ______ _________.
____ ________ ___ _______ ____ ___ ___.
____ _______ _________ ______ _____.
_____ ______ _______ _________ ____ _____ ___ ________ ____ ___.
_______ ______ __________ _____ _____ __________ ______ __________ ___ ________ _________.
__________ ________ _______ _________ _____ ____.
_________ _____ ________ _____ __________ __________ ____.
__________ ______ __________ __________ _______.
________ __________ _____ ______ _____ ______.
__________ ____ ___ ______ ______ ________ ____ _____.
__________ _____ _________ __________ ____ _______.
_______ ____ ___ ______ _____ ____ _______ _____ ____ _________.
________ _______ ______ _______ _________.
____ _____ ____ ___ ______ _________ _______ _____ ______.
_______ __________ __________ _________ ___ _________ ____ _________ ______ _____.
_______ ________ _____ ________ _________ _______ _____ ______ ______ _________ _________.
_______ _______ ________ ______ __________ ________ ________.
________ __________ _____ ____ _____ _________ ______ ____ _____ ______ ______.
______ __________ ________ _____ ________ __________ ______.
___ ______ ____ _______ ________ _____ _________.
____ ___ _____ __________ ______ ________ _____.
__________ ____ __________ _________ _______ ____ _______ ______ ____ __________ _________.
_______ ____ ______ _________ ___ ___ ______.
_______ ________ ______ _________ __________ ____ __________.
__________ _______ ___ _______ __________ __________ _________ __________ __________ ____.
_________ ________ ____ ___ ___ _____ ________ ________ _________.
_____ ____ ___ _________ ____ ________ ________ ______ ___ ____ _______ ______.
____ ___ ___ _________ ______ __________.
_________ __________ _______ ________ _________ __________ _________ __________ ____ _____.
____ __________ ____ ______ ______.
__________ ____ _____ ______ _______.
____ ____ ________ ___ ___ ______ _________ _______ ___ ___ _________ ______.
_________ ________ ____ ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ __________ ________.
______ _____ _______ _________ ________ ________.
__________ _____ _________ ___ _______.
_____ ________ ______ ___ ________ __________ ______ _________.
__________ _____ ____ _______ ___ _______ _________ _____ _________ ____ _________ ____.
_________ ____ __________ ___ _________ _____ __________ _______ __________ _______ _____.
________ ___ ____ ____ _________.
___ __________ __________ ___ ________ ___ ______ ___.
________ _______ _________ ______ ____ _______ ______ _________ ____.
_________ __________ ________ __________ _____ ________ _________ _______.
_______ __________ ________ ________ _________ ________.
____ ____ ____ ____ _____ _______ __________ ______ _____ __________.
____ ___ ___ ____ _________ ____ _________ __________ __________ _________.
________ ______ ________ _______ _______ _________ ______ _____ ___ _______ ______ ______.
______ __________ _____ _______ ________ ___ ____ _______ _________.
__________ __________ ________ _______ _____ __________ _______ _________ _____.
_______ ______ ______ ___ _______ _________ ________ ___.
___ ___ _________ ____ _____.
________ ____ ___ ___ _____ _____ ____ ____ _____.
___ _______ __________ _______ _____ ____ __________.
___ _________ _____ _____ ___ _____.
______ ___ ________ _________ __________ ________ _________.
_________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp