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Educational technology refers to the use of digital tools, communication systems, electronic devices, and modern technological resources to support teaching and learning processes. It aims to enhance the effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of education by integrating technology into instructional practices. Although educational technology has brought many positive changes in the education system, its implementation faces several issues and challenges both at the micro level, which includes classrooms, teachers, and students, and at the national level, which involves government policies, infrastructure, and large-scale implementation. At the micro level, one of the major challenges in using educational technology is the lack of technological competence among teachers. Many teachers are not adequately trained to use modern technological tools such as digital learning platforms, multimedia resources, smart boards, and online assessment systems. Without proper training, teachers may feel hesitant or uncomfortable integrating technology into their teaching practices. As a result, the potential benefits of educational technology remain underutilized. Another issue at the micro level is the resistance to change among teachers and sometimes students. Traditional teaching methods have been used for a long time, and shifting to technology-based teaching requires a change in mindset and teaching style. Some educators believe that technology may complicate the teaching process rather than improve it. This resistance slows down the adoption of innovative teaching practices and reduces the effectiveness of technology integration in classrooms. Inadequate access to technological resources is another important challenge at the micro level. Many schools and educational institutions do not have sufficient computers, projectors, internet connectivity, or digital learning materials. In rural and economically weaker areas, this problem is more severe. Students may not have personal devices such as laptops or tablets, which makes it difficult for them to participate in technology-based learning activities. The digital divide is closely _____ ___ _____ _______ __________ _________ ____.
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