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The history of ancient India is reconstructed through a wide variety of historical tools and sources. Unlike modern periods, ancient Indian history does not depend mainly on continuous written records. Historians have therefore used archaeological remains, literary texts, inscriptions, coins, monuments, art, foreign accounts, and scientific methods to understand the political, economic, social, religious, and cultural development of ancient Indian society. These sources are particularly important for studying the evolution of social structures in India because they provide evidence about institutions such as family, caste, tribe, village communities, social classes, occupations, gender relations, religion, and patterns of settlement. Archaeological sources are among the most important tools for writing the history of ancient India. Archaeology studies material remains left behind by past societies. Excavations at sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira, Taxila, and many early historic settlements have provided information about settlement patterns, town planning, houses, crafts, agriculture, trade, technology, and social differentiation. The Indus Valley Civilization, for example, is known largely through archaeological evidence because its script has not yet been conclusively deciphered. Differences in the size and structure of houses, craft specialization, public buildings, storage facilities, and burial practices help historians understand the organization and hierarchy of society. Pottery is another important archaeological tool. Changes in pottery styles and technologies help establish chronological sequences and cultural connections. Painted Grey Ware, ______ _______ ____ ____ ______ ______ ___ ___ ________ ________ ________ ______.
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