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Urban ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, human communities and the physical environment within urban areas. Cities are highly modified ecosystems where natural landscapes are transformed into buildings, roads, industries and other infrastructure. Urbanisation provides employment, education, healthcare and other opportunities, but rapid and unplanned urban growth creates serious ecological challenges. These challenges affect biodiversity, natural resources, environmental quality, human health and the overall sustainability of cities. One of the major challenges of urban ecology is the rapid loss of natural habitats. Expansion of cities often requires the conversion of forests, wetlands, agricultural land, grasslands and other open spaces into residential colonies, commercial centres, roads and industrial areas. Habitat destruction and fragmentation reduce the availability of food, shelter and breeding grounds for plants and animals. Many species are unable to adapt to such rapid changes and their populations decline. Fragmented green spaces also restrict the movement of wildlife and reduce ecological connectivity. Loss of biodiversity is another important challenge. Urbanisation generally favours a small number of adaptable species while many native species disappear. Birds, insects, small mammals, amphibians and native plants are particularly affected by habitat modification. The replacement of diverse natural vegetation with ornamental plants ______ ______ ___ _________ ___ ________ _________ _______ ________ __________.
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