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In Nyāya philosophy, which is one of the six orthodox systems of Indian philosophy, the analysis of language, cognition, and logic is of central importance. One key area of inquiry in Nyāya epistemology is the concept of a *meaningful sentence*. The Nyāya school, especially as articulated in the *Nyāya Sūtras* of Gautama and later elaborated by commentators like Vātsyāyana and Udayana, considers the syntactic and semantic components of language in determining how meaning arises from sentences. For a sentence to be meaningful in Nyāya, it must fulfill certain logical and epistemic conditions. Nyāya philosophers maintain that a sentence (*vākya*) is meaningful only when it fulfills certain criteria that lead to the cognition of a new piece of knowledge, i.e., when it is *yathārtha-jñāna-janaka* (generator of valid cognition). This meaning arises through a compositional understanding based on the combination of words (*padārthas*) according to grammatical and contextual conventions. The process is often termed *tātparya* or intended meaning, and a meaningful sentence must trigger the hearer’s apprehension of this intended meaning. According to classical Nyāya, there are five primary conditions for a sentence to be considered meaningful: 1. Ākāṅkṣā (Mutual Expectancy) 2. Yogyatā (Semantic Compatibility or Congruity) 3. Sannidhi (Proximity or Contiguity) 4. Tātparya (Intention ____ _________ _________ _______ _____ _______ ___.
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