What are the characteristics of a reference electrode? Describe the construction and working of a Calomel electrode.

A reference electrode is a crucial component in electrochemical measurements, providing a stable and constant potential against which the potential of the working electrode is measured. Its main characteristics include stability, reproducibility, non-polarizability, and a known potential that does not change significantly with time or the conditions of the electrochemical system.

1. Stability: The reference electrode must exhibit a consistent and stable potential over time. Variations in potential can introduce errors in electrochemical measurements.

2. Reproducibility: It should provide reproducible readings in different setups, ensuring reliable results when used in various electrochemical experiments.

3. Non-polarizability: A reference electrode should not undergo significant changes in potential due to the flow of current. This ensures that the reference potential remains stable under varying current conditions.

4. Known Potential: The potential of a reference electrode must be well-defined and widely _____ _____ ___ _____ _________.
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