Question

What are the challenges in urban environment management? Suggest the measures needed to improve urban environment.

23 Jan 2022
Answer :
Word Count : 1535

Challenges in urban environment management are -

Urban Environmental Issues: Air
 

Problem area

Effects

Causes

Management options

AIR-RELATED PROBLEMS
AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION
  • health problems
  • economic costs from health care costs and productivity losses
  • amenity losses (aesthetic, cultural, and recreational)
  • industrialization
  • increase in motorized fleet and congestion
  • use of highly polluting fuels (leaded gas and high sulphur coal)
  • energy pricing policies
  • topography and climate
  • fuel pricing
  • regulations, standards, emissions charges
  • demand management
  • transport planning
  • appropriate technology (clean fuels, scribbers, etc.)
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
  • health problems (chronic obstructed lung disease, acute respiratory infections, low birth weights, cancer)
  • economic costs from health care and productivity losses
  • use of low-quality fuels for cooking and heating (biomass and high sulphur coal)
  • poorly ventilated dwellings and workplaces
  • passive smoking
  • cottage industry activities
  • substitute fuel and equipment pricing
  • fuel switching
  • building codes
  • public education
  • tax hazardous products and processes
Urban Environmental Issues: Water
 

Problem area

Effects

Causes

Management options

WATER-RELATED PROBLEMS
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
  • health problems
  • Economic costs (additional treatment, new sources of supply, health costs)
  • amenity losses
  • pricing policies
  • unclear property rights
  • poor regulations and/or enforcement
  • municipal and industrial waste disposal practices
  • urban runoff
  • irrigation practices
  • marginal cost pricing
  • regulations, standards, licensing, charges
  • improve monitoring and enforcement
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