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Quinolones are a class of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that act primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis. They achieve this by targeting bacterial enzymes essential for DNA replication and transcription, mainly DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV. Inhibition of these enzymes prevents the supercoiling and uncoiling of bacterial DNA, leading to interruption of DNA replication, transcription, and ultimately bacterial cell death. Quinolones are bactericidal and are effective against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, making them valuable in the treatment of various infections. The first-generation quinolones, such as nalidixic acid, were primarily effective against Gram-negative bacteria and were used for urinary tract infections. Nalidixic acid, introduced in the 1960s, is mostly used in the _________ ________ ____ __________ ________ _____ __________ ___.
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