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Heterocarboranes are polyhedral boron-containing cluster compounds in which one or more carbon atoms and, in some cases, other heteroatoms replace boron atoms in a carborane framework. Carboranes themselves are electron-precise, three-dimensional cluster compounds containing boron, carbon and hydrogen. When atoms other than boron and carbon are incorporated into the cage, the resulting compounds are generally described as heterocarboranes. Their structures are based on polyhedral borane and carborane frameworks and are commonly interpreted using Wade’s rules and the concept of skeletal electron pairs. The principal elements involved in heterocarboranes are boron (B), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H), while additional heteroatoms may include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si) and other elements. Metal-containing heterocarboranes may additionally ______ _____ _______ ______ ________ ________ __________ __________.
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