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The Tolman cone angle is a steric parameter used to describe the spatial requirements of phosphine ligands (PR₃) in coordination and organometallic chemistry. It was introduced by Chadwick A. Tolman to compare the steric bulk of different phosphines. The cone angle is defined as the apex angle of an imaginary cone formed by the van der Waals surfaces of the substituents attached to phosphorus when the phosphine ligand is viewed along the ______ ___ ___ ___ _________ _______ _________.
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