What are ‘emergency’ behaviours? Discuss the two main approaches of assessing animal welfare in relation to performance of normal behavio

Emergency behaviors refer to the actions that an animal performs when it is in a state of distress, fear, or anxiety. These behaviors are considered to be indicators of poor welfare because they are not normal behaviors that the animal would exhibit in a positive, healthy state. Examples of emergency behaviors include self-injurious behaviors like biting or head banging, abnormal repetitive behaviors like pacing or weaving, and aggressive behaviors like attacking other animals or humans.

Assessing animal welfare is an important part of ensuring that animals are being treated humanely and ethically. There are two main approaches to assessing animal welfare: the biological approach and the affective approach.

The biological approach focuses on assessing the physical health and physiological functioning of the animal. This includes measuring factors like body weight, body temperature, heart rate, and hormone levels to determine if the animal is experiencing hunger, thirst, or stress. For example, if an animal is not receiving enough food or water, it may have a low body weight or dehydration, which can be measured using physical assessments. Similarly, if an animal is experiencing stress or fear, it may have elevated levels of stress hormones like cortisol, which can be measured through blood or saliva samples.

The affective approach focuses on assessing the emotional experiences of the animal. This includes measuring factors like the animal's behavior, ____ ____ __________ ______ _______ ________ __________.
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