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Call and put options are fundamental instruments in the field of equity derivatives, which provide investors with the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset, typically a stock, at a predetermined price within a specified time frame. These instruments are widely used for hedging, speculation, and income generation in financial markets. Understanding the nature of call and put options, along with their payoff structures, is essential for both individual investors and institutional participants involved in equity derivatives trading. A call option gives the holder the right to buy an underlying asset at a specified price, known as the strike price, on or before the expiration date. Investors purchase call options when they anticipate that the price of the underlying asset will rise above the strike price. For example, if an investor buys a call option with a strike price of $50 for a stock currently trading at $45, and the stock price rises to $60 before expiration, the investor can exercise the option to buy at $50, capturing a profit. The maximum loss for a call option buyer is limited to the premium paid for the option, while the potential _________ ______ _______ ___ ______ ______ __________ ______ _____ _________ _____.
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