What are Ambedkar’s view on democracy and citizenship? Discuss.

Democracy, for Ambedkar, meant an associated life. It was the process of endosmosis that linked the individuals with the groups. He opined that democracy is an arrangement in society where on the one hand there is enough space to change the society and on the other hand, there is common interest shared by the group. When the state becomes authoritative and ignores the society then the location of society becomes important. Only a democratic society can recognize the right of freedom and equal opportunity to its citizens and advance personality development of not just the citizens but also the society on the whole. Thus democracy for him was essentially a form of society rather than a form of government. Ambedkar used Dewey’s concept of associated life to form the basis of his definition of citizenship. Using the Deweyian term, “social endosmosis”, Ambedkar said that there is a blockage in the process of social endosmosis in the Indian society because the society is compartmentalised on the basis of caste system. The Indian society followed the varnashram dharma which was predetermined by birth. This resulted in isolation between various castes and the impregnation of an anti-social spirit, which affected the spirit of fraternity amongst the citizens of the state. In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar writes that people do not become a society by merely living in proximity with each other. Caste prevented people from integrating into a unified society. The caste was decided by birth and was based on the occupational stratification. These castes existed in watertight compartments where the Brahmins, Vaishyas, Kshetriyas and Shudras although practiced the same varna system but they were not allowed to intermarry amongst each other. The Brahmins hegemonised the varna system but they practiced untouchability and exclusiveness. The similar attitude was imitated by the Kshetriyas and the Vaishyas. On the other hand, shudras had no other option than to live in seclusion. This way Ambedkar believed that inspite of following the same Varna system and being the part of the Hindu religion, the catses were secluded from each other and formed a distinct group identity in themselves resulting in the restriction of mobility and proximity with each other. In the Round Table Conference, Gandhi on these lines opined that since the ‘untouchables’ were a part of the Hindu community and lived in proximity, thus there was no requirement for a separate electorate for the Untouchables. However Ambedkar outrightly rejected Gandhi and added that since there was a conflict of like-minded groups, thus endosmosis was impossible. Ambedkar believed that the Brahmanic hegemony was so strong that the protection of the distinctiveness of the practice of custom and occupation, food habits, endogamy of each jati would offer a bottleneck to the consolidation of the real integration of castes in a society based on fraternity. In the Southborough Committee on Franchise, he demonstrated the significance of caste. He maintained that the group interest of a higher caste mars the freedom of the lower group. Therefore, in the interest of the depressed classes, he called for franchise to provide access to public property such as wells, schools and temples and also to provide recognition and identity to all. He promoted universal adult franchise. The isolation of the lower classes and exclusiveness of the higher, had cultivated an anti- social spirit that had shunned the development of the society. In the manuscript, “Away from the Hindus” Ambedkar stated that the social isolation of the ‘untouchables’ could only be dissolved by __________ _________ _______ _____ ___ ________ ________ ___ ____ __________.
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