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Activities on Arrow (AOA) diagrams are a traditional network representation technique used in project management to plan, schedule, and control projects. In an AOA diagram, activities are represented by arrows, while events or milestones are represented by nodes (also called circles). Each arrow shows a specific activity that consumes time and possibly resources, and the direction of the arrow indicates the sequence in which activities must be performed. The nodes at the beginning and end of an arrow signify the start and completion of that activity. Thus, in AOA networks, emphasis is placed on activities rather than events, and the logic of the project is conveyed through the connections between arrows. A key feature of AOA diagrams is the use of dummy activities. Dummy activities are represented by dashed arrows and have zero duration. They do not represent actual work but are used to maintain correct precedence relationships between activities when the logic of the project cannot be shown clearly using only real activities. Dummy activities ensure that dependencies are accurately reflected without affecting the overall project duration. This makes AOA diagrams particularly useful for complex projects where multiple activities depend on different combinations ________ _____ ____ _______ _____ ___ ___ ___ _________.
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