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The valuation of women’s work is a critical aspect of gender issues in work, employment, and productivity. Across the world, women contribute significantly to economic and social development, both in the formal and informal sectors. However, much of their labor remains underrecognized, undercompensated, or completely invisible in national accounts. The undervaluation of women’s work perpetuates gender inequalities in employment, income, social status, and access to opportunities. It also limits national productivity and the efficient allocation of resources. Understanding Women’s Work: Types and Visibility Women's work can be broadly categorized into paid and unpaid labor. Paid labor includes formal employment in the private or public sectors, as well as informal work such as home-based production, street vending, and agricultural labor. Unpaid labor, often termed as care work or reproductive labor, includes domestic chores, caregiving for children and the elderly, and community volunteering. While men’s contributions are more likely to be counted in GDP through formal market transactions, women’s unpaid labor is typically excluded from national accounting systems, despite its crucial role in sustaining households and economies. Globally, women perform more than three-quarters of unpaid care work, which enables others—especially men—to engage in paid employment. This care economy supports current and future labor markets by maintaining the health, education, and well-being of the workforce. However, because this work is unpaid and often informal, it is not viewed as economically productive under traditional economic frameworks. Structural Causes of Undervaluation Several factors contribute to the undervaluation of women’s work. ______ ____ _______ ________ ___ _________ ____ ___.
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