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Fertility in India has undergone significant transformation over the last several decades, reflecting the combined influence of demographic transition, socio-economic development, public health improvements, urbanization, education, and government policies. Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of women, commonly measured by indicators such as the Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), and Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR). The study of fertility trends and patterns is an essential aspect of Population and Settlement Geography because fertility directly influences population growth, age structure, labor force availability, and regional development. India has experienced a continuous decline in fertility since the 1950s. During the early post-independence period, fertility levels were very high, with the Total Fertility Rate exceeding six children per woman. High fertility was associated with early marriage, low literacy, poor access to contraception, high infant mortality, and an agrarian ______ ________ ___ ______ _________ _________.
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