Trace the evolution of management information system and examine its structure.

A management system is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfill all tasks required to achieve its objectives.

After World War II, the reigning paradigm of product-oriented mass production had reached its peak. Examples of management systems at that time are linear assembly lines, organizational hierarchies of command, product quality control and mass consumption.

Soon afterwards, the Deming-Juran process-quality teachings spearheaded a new quality orientation and propelled Japan directly to the post-war process focus. The US responded by a painful and prolonged product-to-process transformation, ultimately leveling the playing field again by the mid 1980s.

At the end of the 1980s, business process reengineering focused on the radical redesign of the production process through the reintegration of task, labor and knowledge. As a result, lean, flexible and streamlined production processes were created, capable of fast response and internet-based integration necessary for the upcoming phase of supply chains - business-to-business – as well as demand chains – business-to-customer.

While it can be contested that the history of management information systems date as far back as companies using ledgers to keep track of accounting, the modern history of MIS can be divided into five eras originally identified by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane Laudon in their seminal textbook Management Information Systems.[6][7]

First Era – Mainframe and minicomputer computing

Second Era – Personal computers

Third Era – Client/server networks

Fourth Era – Enterprise computing

Fifth Era – Cloud computing

The first era (mainframe and minicomputer computing) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers for which they supplied both the hardware and software. These computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them. As _________ _________ __________ _______ _______ _____ ___ ________.
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