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The development of Buddhism in Japan between 1840 and 1949 reflects a period of significant transformation shaped by political changes, modernization, and interactions with both China and the West. Buddhism had been a central element of Japanese culture for centuries, but the arrival of the modern era challenged its traditional authority and demanded adaptation to new social and political conditions. During this period, Buddhism in Japan evolved from a declining traditional institution into a revitalized religious and social force, influenced by both domestic reforms and global trends. In the early nineteenth century, before the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japanese Buddhism was in a state of stagnation. The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603–1868) had imposed strict state ____ __________ ______ ________ ________ ___.
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