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Topography is an important passive factor of soil formation that refers to the physical features and arrangement of land surfaces, including slope, elevation, landscape position, and relief. In environmental chemistry, topography plays a significant role in determining the characteristics, distribution, and chemical properties of soils because it influences the movement of water, accumulation of minerals, erosion processes, and the rate of weathering of parent materials. Unlike active factors such as climate and organisms, topography does not directly contribute materials to soil formation but controls the environmental conditions under which soil develops. The ________ _______ ____ _____ __________ __________ ___ _________ ________ ___ _____.
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