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The concept of Tinai is one of the most important ideas for understanding the relationship between human society and the natural environment during the Sangam Age of ancient Tamilakam. The Sangam literary tradition, broadly dated between the early centuries BCE and the early centuries CE, contains detailed descriptions of landscapes, occupations, food habits, settlements, social practices, emotions, and economic activities. The Tinai system classified the Tamil landscape into five ecological regions—Kurinji, Mullai, Marutam, Neital, and Palai. Each region was associated with particular geographical features, climate, vegetation, animals, occupations, settlements, deities, and ways of life. Thus, Tinai represents an early cultural and ecological understanding in which human society was closely connected with its physical environment. Kurinji represented the mountainous and hilly region. It included hills, rocky terrain, forests, waterfalls, and areas with relatively high rainfall. The people living in this ecological zone depended heavily on hunting, gathering, and shifting forms of cultivation. Hunting wild animals, collecting honey and forest products, and cultivating crops suited to the hilly environment were important economic activities. The landscape supported animals such as elephants, deer, and other forest species. The deity associated with Kurinji was Murugan. Sangam poems frequently describe the beauty of mountains, flowering plants, streams, forests, and wildlife. The relationship between people and nature in Kurinji was therefore based upon direct dependence on forest and mountain resources. Mullai represented the pastoral and forested region. It consisted of forests, grasslands, and areas suitable for cattle grazing. The people of Mullai were primarily pastoralists and depended on cattle, dairy products, and related activities. Herding cattle required seasonal movement in search of water and pasture. The landscape also provided forest products and other natural resources. Mayon, generally identified with Vishnu, was the principal deity associated with Mullai. The literary descriptions of this region show __________ __________ _______ _____ _____ ___ _________ ____.
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