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Cryptographic protocols are standardized methods that use encryption, authentication, integrity verification, and key management techniques to protect network communication. These protocols ensure that data transmitted over public or private networks remains confidential, authentic, and unaltered. As cyber threats continue to evolve, secure cryptographic protocols have become essential components of internet communication, online banking, e-commerce, cloud computing, email services, and virtual private networks. One of the most widely used cryptographic protocols is Transport Layer Security (TLS). TLS provides secure communication between clients and servers over the internet. It encrypts transmitted data, authenticates the communicating parties using digital certificates, and ensures message integrity through cryptographic hash functions. TLS is commonly used to secure websites through HTTPS, protecting sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, payment details, and personal data. Modern versions such as TLS 1.2 and ________ ______ ____ ________ _____ ___ __________ ______ __________ ___.
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