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Theory X and Theory Y, proposed by Douglas McGregor, present two fundamentally contrasting views of human nature and motivation in the organizational context. Theory X assumes that employees inherently dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require strict supervision and control to achieve organizational goals. It is rooted in a pessimistic perspective, where managers rely heavily on authoritarian methods, close monitoring, and a system ____ _________ _______ __________ ______ _______ _____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____.
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