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The period from the mid-18th to the early 20th century in Europe was marked by the rise of competing nation-states, colonial ambitions, and a shifting balance of power that set the stage for large-scale conflict. Rivalries among the great powers—primarily Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy—were fueled by political, economic, and military ambitions. These tensions were further exacerbated by alliances, arms races, and nationalist movements, ultimately culminating in the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The 19th century saw the consolidation of nation-states, most notably the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in _____ _________ ___ __________ ________ ____ _________ _____.
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