The population dynamics of a species is governed by the discrete model
where r and k are positive constants. Determine the steady states and discuss the stability of the model. Find the value of r at which first bifurcation occurs. Describe qualitatively the behaviours of the population for , where
. Since a species becomes extinct if
for any n > 1, show using iterations, that irrespective of the size of r > 1 the species could become extinct if the carrying capacity
.
The model is the Ricker map x_{n+1}=f(x_n)=x_n exp[r(1−x_n/K)], with r>0 and K>0. Steady states satisfy x=f(x). Either x=0 or exp[r(1−x/K)]=1, which gives r(1−x/K)=0 and hence x=K. Thus the equilibria are x*=0 and x*=K. Stability follows from f′(x)=exp[r(1−x/K)](1−%28r/K%29x). At x*=0, f′(0)=exp(r)>1 for all ____ ___ _______ ____ ___.
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Let be a portfolio of two securities X and Y. Find the values of w1 and w2 in the following situations:
i) and P is risk free.
ii) and variance P is minimum.
iii) Variance P is minimum and and
.
Maximize , subject to the constraints
and
and are integers.
Return distributions of the two securities are given below:
| Return | Probabilities | |
| X | Y |
|
| 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.30 |
| 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.25 |
| 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.15 |
| 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.25 |
A library wants to improve its service facilities in terms of the waiting time of its borrowers. The library has two counters at present and borrowers arrive according to Poisson distribution with arrival rate 2 every 10 minutes and service time follows exponential distribution with a mean of 15 minutes. The library has relaxed its membership rules and a substantial increase in the number of borrowers is expected. Find the number of additional counters to be provided if the arrival rate is expected to be twice the present value and the average waiting time of the borrower must be limited to half the present value.
Ships arrive at a port at the rate of one in every 6 hours with exponential distribution of inter-arrival times. The time a ship occupies a berth for unloading has exponential distribution with an average of 12 hours. If the average delay of ships waiting for berths is to be kept below 15 hours, how many berths should be provided at the port?
Which one of the following portfolios cannot lie on the efficient frontier as described by Markowitz?
| Portfolio | Expected return | Standard deviation |
| W | 10% | 25% |
| X | 5% | 7% |
| Y | 17% | 37% |
| Z | 12% | 13% |
A tumour is developing from the organ of a human body with concentration with growth and decay control parameters 7.2 and 2.7 respectively. In how many days the size of the tumor will be twice?