The evolution of civil society in its relationship with the state has undergone major transformations in the modern period. Elucidate.

The evolution of civil society in its relationship with the state has been a complex and dynamic process, shaped by historical, political, social, and economic changes. Over time, the nature of this relationship has shifted from one of subordination to one of tension, and eventually to a more collaborative and sometimes adversarial stance, with civil society asserting its role as a significant actor in the political arena. In examining this evolution, it is important to consider both the broader historical context and the theoretical frameworks that have influenced these transformations.

In the early stages of modernity, civil society was often seen as a subordinate entity to the state. The state, as the central authority, had a monopoly on power, and its role was to maintain order, protect property, and regulate the lives of citizens. Civil society, which included family, local communities, and voluntary associations, was often viewed as something that existed in parallel with, or under the supervision of, the state. The political theorist Thomas Hobbes, for instance, argued in his work *Leviathan* (1651) that individuals in a state of nature entered into a social contract with the sovereign in order to escape chaos and violence. In this view, the state was the ultimate authority, and civil society was shaped by the dictates of the sovereign, with limited autonomy.

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