Word Count : 639

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Attia Hosain’s *Sunlight on a Broken Column* is a significant work of women’s writing that captures the intersections of history, politics, gender, and identity in pre- and post-Independence India. The novel operates through a series of juxtapositions, parallels, and polarities, which not only enrich its narrative structure but also foreground the conflicting realities of tradition and modernity, individual desire and social obligation, and colonial legacy and nationalist aspirations. By employing such oppositions, Hosain explores the tensions that define both her protagonist Laila’s inner world and the larger sociopolitical landscape of the time. One of the central juxtapositions in the novel is that of tradition and modernity. The aristocratic Muslim household in Lucknow, with its rigid customs and values, stands in contrast to the burgeoning nationalist spirit and the modern education Laila receives at the university. The domestic space represents confinement, where women are bound by patriarchal expectations, while the university symbolizes intellectual freedom and exposure to new ideas. This ______ _______ ______ _______ ____ _________ _____.
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