State two real-world problems where you think that mathematical modelling is the only approach to find the solution of the problem. Give 4 essentials for each of the problems. Why do you think that there is no other scientific alternative for the treatment of these problems.
b) Classify the following into linear and non-linear models, justifying your classification.
i) Simple harmonic motion for small amplitude of oscillation.
ii) Population growth model given by
iii) Equation for velocity v of a particle at any time t, moving with a constant acceleration a, and initial velocity u.
iv) Equation describing dynamic stability of market equilibrium price given by
$
and pt is the price in period t.
One real-world problem where mathematical modelling is essential is epidemic spread prediction. To control and prevent infectious diseases like COVID-19 or influenza, mathematical models such as SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) are used. The four essentials for this problem are: 1. Population data – total population, initial infected, and susceptible individuals. 2. Transmission rate – how quickly the disease spreads per contact. 3. Recovery rate – rate at which infected individuals recover or _____ __________ ___ ______ ________ ________ _____ ______ _________.
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For a given set of securities, all their portfolios lie on or within the boundary of the region shown in Fig.1.
In the feasible region, find a portfolio which has maximum return. Also, find a portfolio in this region which has minimum risk.
b) Explain the method of delineating the efficient frontier of a feasible region.
c) Given all the portfolios of n securities what criterion would an investor use to select a good portfolio?
A particle moving in S.H.M has got the velocities and
when it is at distance
and
respectively from the centre of its motion. Determine the period and the amplitude of motion.
b) Consider the following system of equations
Find the nature of the critical point (0, 0) of the corresponding linear system.
c) A string of length l is connected to a fixed point at one end and to a stick of mass m at the other. The stick is whirling in a circle at constant velocity v. Use dimensional analysis to find the equation of the force in the string.
अपने वर्गीकरण की पुष्टि करते हुए निम्नलिखित को रैखिक और अरैखिक निदर्शों में वर्गीकृत कीजिए
I) लघुदोलन आयाम वाली सरल आवर्त गति
III) किसी समय पर अचर त्वरण और प्रारंभिक वेग यू से गतिमान एक कण के वेग का समीकरण
दिए हुए प्रतिभूति समुच्चय में उनकी सभी निवेश सूचियां प्रदेश की परिसीमा पर या उसके अंदर स्थित है जैसा कि चित्र 1 में दिखाया गया है।
सुसंगत प्रदेश में वह निवेश सूची ज्ञात कीजिए जिसका अधिकतम प्रतिफल हो। इस प्रदेश में वह निवेश सूची भी ज्ञात कीजिए जिसमें न्यूनतम जोखिम हो।
ख) सुसंगत प्रदेश के दक्ष सीमांत को चित्रित करने की विधि की व्याख्या कीजिए।
ग) यदि n प्रतिभूतियों की सभी निवेशसूचियां प्राप्त हो तो एक उत्तम निवेश सूची का चयन करने के लिए निवेशक को कौन-सा निकस अपनाना चाहिए।
Consider the group of individuals born in a given year () and let n(t) be the number of these individuals surviving t year later. Let x(t) be the number of members of this group who have not had smallpox by year t and are therefore still susceptible. Let
be the rate at which susceptibles contract smallpox and let v be the rate at which people who contract smallpox die from the disease. Finally, let
be the death rate from all causes other than smallpox. If dx / dt and dn / dt are, respectively the rates at which the number of susceptibles and entire population decline due to contraction from smallpox and also due to death from all causes then
i) Formulate the above problem by writing equations for dx / dt and dn / dt.
ii) Taking , show that z satisfies the initial value problem
iii) Find z(t) at any time t.
iv) Bernoulli estimated that . Using these values, determine the proportion of 20 years old who have not had smallpox.
A parachutist, whose weight (actually mass) is , drops from a helicopter
above the ground. She falls towards the earth under the influence of gravity. Assume that the gravitational force is constant. Assume that the force due to air resistance is proportional to the velocity of the parachutist. The proportionality constant is
when the parachute is closed, and is
when it is open. If the parachute does not open until
after the parachutist leaves the helicopter, after how many seconds will she hit the ground?
b) A projectile is fixed with a constant speed v at two different angles of projection and
such that it gives the same range. Show that
वह महामारी निदर्श लीजिए जो आदि प्रतिबंध पर
के अधीन निम्नलिखित अवकल समीकरण द्वारा नियंत्रित है :
$
जहां x(t) समय t पर सुग्राह्य व्यक्तियों की संख्या है, संपर्क दर है। ऐसा मान लिया गया है कि जनसंख्या संवृत्त है और लोग समांग रूप से एक दूसरे के साथ मिल-जुलकर रह रहे हैं। मान लीजिए संपर्क दर 0.002 है और सुग्राह्य व्यक्तियों की संख्या प्रारंभ में 5000 है।
i) जनसंख्या का घनत्व ज्ञात कीजिए जब व्यक्तियों के नए रोगी बनने की दर अधिकतम हो।
ii) वह समय (सप्ताहों में) ज्ञात कीजिए जिसमें व्यक्तियों के नए रोगी बनने की दर अधिकतम हो।
iii) नए रोगी बनने की अधिकतम दर प्राप्त कीजिए।