State Lambert-Beer’s law and discuss the factors responsible for deviations from the law

Lambert-Beer’s law, also known as Beer-Lambert law, is a fundamental principle in spectroscopy that describes the relationship between the concentration of a solute in a solution and the amount of light absorbed by that solution. It states that the amount of light absorbed by a sample is directly proportional to the concentration of the sample and the path length of the light passing through the sample. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:

A = εcl

where A is the absorbance of the sample, ε is the molar absorptivity (or extinction coefficient), c is the concentration of the sample, and l is the path length of the light passing through the sample.

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