Show how literary criticism and theory have developed a materialistic dimension based on Marxism.

Literary criticism and theory have evolved over time to encompass various approaches that analyze the social, political, and historical contexts in which literature is produced and consumed. One of the most significant shifts in this evolution has been the development of a materialistic dimension, particularly through the influence of Marxism. Marxism, with its focus on class struggle, economics, and the material conditions of life, has provided a framework for understanding literature not just as an aesthetic object but as part of a larger ideological and material system. This materialistic approach has reshaped literary criticism, moving it away from purely formalist readings to an engagement with the socio-economic forces that shape literature and its production.

Marxist literary theory is based on the fundamental premise that literature, like all cultural production, is tied to the material conditions of society. According to Marx, the base (the economic structure of society) shapes the superstructure (the political, legal, and cultural institutions, including literature). This relationship means that literature cannot be understood in isolation from the social relations and economic systems in which it is produced. In Marxist terms, the materialist perspective on literature sees it as a product of class structures, economic forces, and ideological superstructures. 

One of the key contributions of Marxist theory to literary criticism is its focus on the idea of class struggle. In Marxism, history is viewed as the history of class struggles, where the ruling class exploits the labor of the working class. In the context of literature, this means that the literature produced by different classes reflects and reinforces the ideological and material interests of those classes. Marxist critics analyze how literature portrays or challenges the power dynamics between different _________ ________ _______ ________ ________ ____ _________ __________ ___ ________.
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