Show how literary criticism and theory have developed a materialistic dimension based on Marxism.

The development of a materialistic dimension in literary criticism and theory is largely attributed to the influence of Marxism. Marxist literary criticism, rooted in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, fundamentally reshaped the way literature is analyzed, shifting focus from aesthetic and formalist concerns to the socio-economic conditions that shape literary production and interpretation. This materialistic approach to literature underscores the relationship between economic structures, class struggle, and ideology, arguing that literary texts are not autonomous but are deeply embedded in historical and material realities.  

### The Foundations of Marxist Literary Criticism  
Marxist literary criticism emerged from Marx’s theories of historical materialism and class struggle. Marx and Engels argued that economic structures determine the ideological superstructure of society, including literature, art, and philosophy. They viewed history as a series of conflicts between the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat), which is reflected in cultural and literary texts. In this framework, literature is seen as both a product of material conditions and a means through which ideological battles are fought.  

One of the earliest applications of Marxist theory to literature can be found in Engels’ letters to Margaret Harkness, where he praised her novel *City Girl* __________ ___ ___ ________ _____ ______.
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