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Aging is a natural process associated with progressive decline in physiological reserves of different organ systems, making elderly individuals more vulnerable to diseases. The pathogenesis of diseases in this age group is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors. Understanding these risk factors is essential in basic geriatrics, as it helps in prevention, early detection, and management of age-related illnesses. One of the primary risk factors in elderly is immunosenescence, the gradual deterioration of the immune system with age. This results in reduced ability to fight infections, poor response to vaccines, and increased susceptibility to autoimmune disorders and malignancies. Chronic low-grade inflammation, often referred to as “inflammaging,” further predisposes older adults to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancers. Another significant risk factor is the accumulation of comorbidities. Elderly individuals often suffer from _____ ______ ________ _______ _____ ________ _________.
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