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Interpretation is a specialized branch of translation studies concerned with the oral transfer of meaning from one language to another in real time. Unlike written translation, interpretation requires immediate comprehension, analysis, reformulation, and delivery while preserving the speaker's intention, tone, and communicative purpose. In applied translation studies (Traductologie appliquée), interpretation is viewed as both a linguistic and intercultural activity that facilitates communication between individuals and institutions across diverse contexts. The principal modalities of interpretation include consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation, whispered interpretation (chuchotage), liaison or bilateral interpretation, sight interpretation, and remote interpretation. Consecutive interpretation is one of the oldest forms. The speaker pauses after a segment of speech, allowing the interpreter to reproduce the message in the target language. The interpreter often relies on note-taking techniques and memory. This modality is commonly used during business meetings, diplomatic discussions, legal proceedings, medical consultations, and press conferences. Its main advantage lies in accuracy and completeness, _______ __________ ________ ________ ___ _________ _____ _________ _____ __________ ______ _________.
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