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Two major international initiatives that have been instrumental in the establishment and maintenance of a global monitoring network, particularly concerning mountain and hill ecosystems, are the Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) under the aegis of Future Earth, and the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI). These initiatives have significantly contributed to understanding ecological changes, biodiversity patterns, and sustainable development strategies in mountainous regions across the globe. Their work has played a pivotal role in shaping global environmental policies and ensuring the protection of fragile mountain ecosystems through monitoring, research collaboration, and data integration. ### Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment is a core project of Future Earth and functions as a scientific network focusing on the assessment, understanding, and conservation of biodiversity in mountain regions. Established in 2000 under the auspices of DIVERSITAS (an international programme of biodiversity science), GMBA has evolved into a central platform for biodiversity-related mountain research worldwide. #### Objectives and Scope The primary objective of GMBA is to promote, facilitate, and synthesize research on mountain biodiversity to support sustainable management and conservation. GMBA aims to understand how biodiversity is distributed in mountain systems and how it responds to environmental change, land-use pressures, and global climate change. Its focus extends to ecological, evolutionary, and socio-ecological dynamics that shape mountain biodiversity patterns. GMBA covers various biogeographic regions including the Andes, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, and East African highlands, thus establishing a global monitoring network across major mountain systems. It seeks __________ ________ ______ ____ _____.
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