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Poverty is a multidimensional condition of deprivation in which individuals and households lack adequate resources and opportunities to secure a decent standard of living. It is not merely a shortage of income; it involves inadequate access to food, health care, education, housing, employment, social security, political participation and basic human dignity. In the context of development, poverty is both a major indicator of underdevelopment and a consequence of unequal economic and social structures. Understanding its defining characteristics and structural causes is therefore essential for analysing the challenges of development. One of the most important characteristics of poverty is inadequate income and consumption. Poor households generally lack sufficient purchasing power to meet their basic needs. Low and irregular earnings make it difficult to obtain adequate food, clothing, shelter and other necessities. Income poverty is commonly measured through poverty lines that identify the minimum level of resources required to satisfy basic needs. However, such measurements do not capture the full experience of poverty. Poverty is also characterised by deprivation of basic capabilities. Amartya Sen's capability approach argues that poverty should be understood as the deprivation of basic capabilities rather than simply low income. A person may have income above a prescribed poverty line but still experience severe deprivation because of poor health, lack of education, discrimination or inadequate public ___ _______ _______ __________ ________ _____ ________ _________ ________ ______.
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