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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a childhood behavioral disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness directed toward authority figures such as parents, teachers, or caregivers. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), these behaviors must persist for at least six months and be more frequent and severe than expected for the child's developmental level. Children with ODD often lose their temper, refuse to follow rules, deliberately annoy others, blame others for their mistakes, and become easily annoyed. Unlike Conduct Disorder, ODD does not involve serious violations of the rights of others or major criminal behavior. The exact cause of ODD is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, difficult temperament, inconsistent parenting, family conflict, exposure to violence, and ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ___.
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