Molluscan kidney

Mollusks are a diverse group of invertebrates, comprising of around 200,000 living species. They are found in different marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments, exhibiting a wide range of morphological and physiological adaptations. One of the essential organs in mollusks is the kidney, which is responsible for the regulation of various physiological processes, including osmoregulation, excretion, and filtration.

The molluscan kidney is a paired organ, located in the posterior part of the body cavity. It is a metanephridium, a type of excretory organ, which consists of a funnel-shaped nephrostome, a tubule, and a bladder-like structure called a nephridial ___ _______ _______ _________ ___ ______ _____ __________ _________ ______ _____.
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