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DNA and histone modifications are crucial epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. DNA modification primarily involves the addition of a methyl group to the 5-carbon of cytosine residues, forming 5-methylcytosine. This methylation commonly occurs at CpG dinucleotides and is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNA methylation generally represses transcription by preventing the __________ ___ _______ ______ __________ ___ ____ ________ _______.
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