Mark-up pricing and Mark-down pricing

Markup pricing refers to the difference between the cost to produce and market an item for sale, and the retail price that is charged for that item. Typically, the markup is expressed as a fixed percentage, and is determined by applying that percentage to the actual cost of the item. When calculating mark up pricing in international trade you have to take into account the specific costs of exporting products such as transportation, customs tariffs or intermediary margins.

To cut down the actual price of the products to increase the sale is called markdown _________ _____ ________ _______ ____ ____ __________ _____ ___ ________.
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