Explain the life cycle of Puccinia graminis with neat and labelled diagrams.

Illustrate and explain the general life cycle of bryophytes with an example.

Answer the following questions:

a) Cite any three examples of algal-symbiotic association.

b) Mention any six uses of algae for human welfare, giving one example of each.

Enlist the characteristics that distinguish living from non-living things.

Make neat and labelled diagrams of the following:

a) life cycle of Selaginella

b) ultrastructure of chloroplasts in different algal groups

With the help of labelled diagrams describe the anatomy of thallus/leaf of a genus each of Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida, and Bryopsida.

Illustrate vegetative and sexual reproduction in Marchantia